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Gastroenteritis or infectious diarrhea is a medical condition from inflammation (''"-itis"'') of the gastrointestinal tract that involves both the stomach (''"gastro"''-) and the small intestine (''"entero"''-). It causes some combination of diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and cramping. Dehydration may occur as a result. Gastroenteritis has been referred to as gastro, stomach bug, and stomach virus. Although unrelated to influenza, it has also been called stomach flu and gastric flu. Globally, most cases in children are caused by rotavirus. In adults, norovirus and ''Campylobacter'' are more common. Less common causes include other bacteria (or their toxins) and parasites. Transmission may occur due to consumption of improperly prepared foods or contaminated water or via close contact with individuals who are infectious. Prevention includes drinking clean water, hand washing with soap, and breast feeding babies instead of using formula. This applies particularly where sanitation and hygiene are lacking. The rotavirus vaccine is recommended for all children. The key treatment is enough fluids. For mild or moderate cases, this can typically be achieved via oral rehydration solution (a combination of water, salts, and sugar). In those who are breast fed, continued breast feeding is recommended. For more severe cases, intravenous fluids from a healthcare centre may be needed. Antibiotics are generally not recommended. Gastroenteritis primarily affects children and those in the developing world. It results in about three to five billion cases and causes 1.4 million deaths a year. ==Signs and symptoms== Gastroenteritis typically involves both diarrhea and vomiting,〔 or less commonly, presents with only one or the other.〔 Abdominal cramping may also be present.〔 Signs and symptoms usually begin 12–72 hours after contracting the infectious agent. If due to a viral agent, the condition usually resolves within one week.〔 Some viral causes may also be associated with fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain.〔 If the stool is bloody, the cause is less likely to be viral〔 and more likely to be bacterial.〔 Some bacterial infections may be associated with severe abdominal pain and may persist for several weeks.〔 Children infected with rotavirus usually make a full recovery within three to eight days. However, in poor countries treatment for severe infections is often out of reach and persistent diarrhea is common.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.defeatdd.org/understanding-crisis/advocacy-outreach/toolkits )〕 Dehydration is a common complication of diarrhea,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG84 )〕 and a child with a significant degree of dehydration may have a prolonged capillary refill, poor skin turgor, and abnormal breathing. Repeat infections are typically seen in areas with poor sanitation, and malnutrition,〔 stunted growth, and long-term cognitive delays can result.〔 Reactive arthritis occurs in 1% of people following infections with ''Campylobacter'' species, and Guillain-Barre syndrome occurs in 0.1%.〔 Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) may occur due to infection with Shiga toxin-producing ''Escherichia coli'' or ''Shigella'' species, causing low platelet counts, poor kidney function, and low red blood cell count (due to their breakdown). Children are more predisposed to getting HUS than adults.〔 Some viral infections may produce benign infantile seizures.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gastroenteritis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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